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Kundalini yoga

Kundalini yoga is a physical, mental and spiritual discipline which is a consolidation of the highest physical and meditative techniques found in the teachings of Raja yoga, Shakti yoga, Bhakti yoga, tantra, Kriya yoga, Laya-yoga, Nada yoga and the pillars and Yoga Sutra of Patanjali.[1][2] Kundalini yoga is called the yoga of awareness because its practitioners believe that it directly affects ones consciousness, develops intuition, increases self knowledge, and unleashes the unlimited creative potential that exists within every human being.[3][4][5]

Kundalini yoga is a highly developed spiritual set of techniques with an obscure and multicultural history which, according to Hindu tradition, relies upon a technique called shaktipat to attain enlightenment under the guidance of a spiritual master.[6] Mainstream traditions propose that kundalini energy can be awakened and enlightenment attained by practicing a combination of yogic techniques—ideally following the guidance of a certified teacher—including the use of mantra, prana and breathing techniques, sadhana, asana practice, meditation, or purely through devotion and prayer
 

Underlying philosophy
According to yogic philosophy, the kundalini is a spiritual energy or life force located at the base of the spine. It is conceptualized as a coiled up serpent (literally, 'kundalini' in Sanskrit is 'that which is coiled.' Sanskrit kund, "to burn"; kunda, "to coil or to spiral").

In the classical literature of Kashmir Saivism kundalini is described in three different manifestations. The first of these is as the universal energy or para-kundalini. The second of these is as the energizing function of the body-mind complex or prana-kundalini. The third of these is as consciousness or shakti-kundalini which simultaneously subsumes and intermediates between these two. Ultimately these three forms are the same but understanding these three different forms will help to understand the different manifestations of kundalini .[8]

The path of Kundalini is said to proceed from the Muladhara Chakra at the lower end of the spinal column up to the Sahasara Chakra at the top of the head. But its awakening is not thought to be a physical occurrence; it consists exclusively of a development in consciousness. According to some claims, awakening of kundalini brings with it pure joy, pure knowledge and pure love
 

The word 'Kundalini' can be traced to the Sanskrit word 'kundala', which means 'coiled'. Kundalini can therefore be used by believers to refer to the latent energy within the human body which is constantly trying to manifest as our insight, power and bliss. [10] According to one author, the word kundalini literally means "the curl of the lock of hair of the beloved.".[11] It is a metaphor, a poetic way of describing the flow of energy and consciousness which already is said to exist within each person. The practices are said to enable the person to merge with or "yoke" the universal self. This merging of individual consciousness with the universal consciousness is said to create a "divine union" called "yoga".[12]

Developmental perspective
The system of exercises and meditations of Kundalini Yoga claims to provide extensive benefits for personal spiritual growth as well as improving mental and physical well-being. Believers claim that the physiological benefits cover a wide spectrum of ailments, including healing treatments for memory problems[13], asthma, diabetes, pain, stress-related diseases, rehabilitating addictive behavior, and treating mental disorders.[14][15][16]

According to some traditions Kundalini techniques are only communicated from master to disciple once the disciple is deemed ready.[4] In these cases, yogic masters believe that in ascetic settings ignorance or refusal to follow instructions of a master can lead to harmful effects.[4] However, in a few instances teachers from India encouraged students to update and spread the teachings to the West, thereby putting doubt to this claim.[17]

Sovatsky,[18] a scholar of Yoga associated with transpersonal psychology, adapts a developmental and evolutionary perspective in his interpretation of Kundalini Yoga. That is, he interprets Kundalini Yoga as a catalyst for psycho-spiritual growth and bodily maturation. According to this interpretation of yoga, the body bows itself into greater maturation [...], none of which should be considered mere stretching exercises[19].
Cautionary observations
All intensive spiritual practices associated with Asian traditions require attentive practice. Psychiatric literature[20] notes that "Since the influx of eastern spiritual practices and the rising popularity of meditation starting in 1960s, many people have experienced a variety of psychological difficulties, either while engaged in intensive spiritual practice or spontaneously". Some of the psychological difficulties associated with intensive spiritual practice are claimed to be "kundalini awakening", "a complex physio-psychospiritual transformative process described in the yogic tradition".[20] Also, writers in the fields of Transpersonal psychology[21] and Near-death studies[22][23] describe a complex pattern of sensory, motor, mental and affective symptoms associated within the concept of kundalini, known as kundalini syndrome. Believers say that the negative experiences might occur only when acting without appropriate guidance or ignoring advice.[24]

Medical research
Venkatesh et al.[25] studied twelve kundalini (chakra) meditators, using the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory. They found that the practice of meditation "appears to produce structural as well as intensity changes in phenomenological experiences of consciousness".
Preliminary research on the effects of a Kundalini Yoga meditation taught by Yogi Bhajan known as Kirtan Kriya on retrieving memory and cognitive functions have been encouraging. Limitations of this research can be addressed in future studies with more detailed analyses. [26]
Manocha et al.[27] used temperature readings to verify that coolness experienced on the palms of the hands resulted from the Sahaja Yoga technique of kundalini meditation.
Notes
^ Guru Fatha Singh Khalsa, The Essential Gursikh Yogi: The Yoga and Yogis in the Past, Present and Future of Sikh Dharma, Toronto, Monkey Minds Press, 2008, 188-89, 210-12, 222-39.
^ Swami Sivananda Radha, Kundalini Yoga for the West, timeless, 2004, pages 14, 29, 43
^ Sat Bachan Kaur Karla Becker, 2004
^ a b c d Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda, The hidden power in humans, Ibera Verlag, pages 47, 48. ISBN 3-85052-197-4
^ Swami Sivananda Radha, Kundalini Yoga for the West, timeless, 2004, pages 13, 15
^ "Kundalini Yogas FAQ - So how do I awaken kundalini?". Eecs.berkeley.edu. http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~keutzer/kundalini/kundalini-yoga.html#4. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
^ "Kundalini Yogas FAQ - So how do I awaken kundalini?". Eecs.berkeley.edu. http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~keutzer/kundalini/kundalini-yoga.html#4. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
^ "Kundalini Yogas FAQ". Eecs.berkeley.edu. http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~keutzer/kundalini/kundalini-yoga.html. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
^ Swami Sivananda Radha, Kundalini Yoga for the West, timeless, 2004, pages 13, 15
^ http://www.heartcenteredtherapies.org/go/docs/Kundalini%20Meditation%20-%20Article%20by%20John%20Selby.pdf
^ "Yogi Bhajan". Store.goldenbridgeyoga.com. 1969-01-05. http://store.goldenbridgeyoga.com/uploads/images/yogibhajan.html. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
^ design@lancasters.co.uk. "What is Kundalini yoga?". Kundaliniyoga.org.uk. http://www.kundaliniyoga.org.uk/whatis.html. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
^ WebMD Alzheimer's Disease Health Center: 'Can Meditation Reverse Memory Loss?' From the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
^ Congressional Honorary Resolution 521 US Library of Congress
^ David Shannahoff-Khalsa, Kundalini Yoga Meditation for Complex Psychiatric Disorders: Techniques Specific for Treating the Psychoses, Personality, and Pervasive Development Disorders, 2010
^ David Shannahoff-Khalsa, Kundalini Yoga Meditation: Techniques Specific for Psychiatric Disorders, Couples Therapy, and Personal Growth, 2007
^ Swami Sivananda Radha, Kundalini Yoga for the West, timeless, 2004, pages 13, 23
^ Sovatsky, 1998: p. 6, 82, 142
^ Sovatsky, 1998: p. 142
^ a b Turner et al.,pg. 440
^ Scotton, 1996
^ Kason, 2000
^ Greyson, 2000
^ Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda, The hidden power in humans, Ibera Verlag, pages 47, 48, 49.
^ Venkatesh et al., 1997
^ Newberg, AB; Wintering, N; Khalsa, DS; Roggenkamp, H; Waldman, MR (2010). "Meditation effects on cognitive function and cerebral blood flow in subjects with memory loss: a preliminary study". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 20 (2): 517–26. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-1391. PMID 20164557. http://www.j-alz.com/issues/20/vol20-2.html. (primary source)
^ Manocha R, Black D, Ryan J, Stough C, Spiro D, [1] "This study demonstrates a skin temperature reduction on the palms of the hands during the experience of mental silence, arising as a result of a single 10 minute session of Sahaja yoga meditation." [Changing Definitions of Meditation: Physiological Corollorary, Journal of the International Society of Life Sciences, Vol 28 (1), Mar 2010]
 

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